Data recovery is the process of salvaging data from damaged, failed, corrupted, or inaccessible secondary storage media when it cannot be accessed normally. Often the data are being salvaged from storage media formats such as hard disk drives, storage tapes, CDs, DVDs, RAID, and other electronics. Recovery may be required due to physical damage to the storage device or logical damage to the file system that prevents it from being mounted by the host operating system.

Physical damage
A wide variety of failures can cause physical damage to storage media like hard disk drive can suffer any of several mechanical failures, such as head crashesand failed motors; disk or needle can simply break. Physical damage always causes at least some data loss, and in many cases the logical structures of the file system are damaged as well. This causes logical damage that must be dealt with before any files can be salvaged from the failed media.

Logical damage
Logical damage is primarily caused by power outages that prevent file system structures from being completely written to the storage medium, but problems with hardware (especially RAID controllers) and drivers, as well as system crashes, can have the same effect. The result is that the file system is left in an inconsistent state. This can cause a variety of problems, such as strange behavior (e.g., infinitely recurring directories, drives reporting negative amounts of free space), system crashes, or an actual loss of data.

Overwritten data
When data has been physically overwritten on a hard disk it is generally assumed that the previous data is no longer possible to recover

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Hard Drive, RAID, Floppy disk, CD & DVD ROM, Jaz & Zip drive, Flash memory, Digital camera, Digital video camera, MP3 player, iPod